What is it like to have dyslexia?

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Kim and Biology: A Case Study on Accommodations for Learning Disabilities

Background

A 19 years old student name Kim determines to get her master's in genetics counseling. She is majoring in biology and wants to be a genetics counselor in a large medical center.


Biology majors are required to complete three upper-division math courses and two statistics courses. She has a learning disability, Dyscalculia, which affects her ability to do some forms of mathematics. She documented her disability with the disability services office, and she spoke to her academic adviser regarding her concerns about completing the math and statistics courses. He advised her that these courses are critical because of the need to do and understand research and to understand information in biology courses involving math and because the Graduate Record Examinations (GREs) are required for graduate school applications in genetics counseling. These requirements and the implications of not doing well in math courses concerned her greatly, so she also spoke to the learning disabilities specialist in the disability services office.


Solution

The learning disabilities specialist closely reviewed her documentation, especially her strengths and limitations with math. After consulting with the biology department, he also advised that completing the math requirements would be critical for successful completion of the biology course sequence and for admission to graduate school. Course substitutions for the math and statistics courses did not seem helpful or appropriate in her case. The learning disabilities specialist suggested that they devise a practical plan for her to prepare to take the math and statistics courses. They then met with the math specialist in the campus learning skills center. After many meetings, they developed and followed this plan:

* Kim worked closely with her adviser and the math specialist to plan her course schedule for each semester in order to reduce her course load the semesters that she took math courses.

* Kim carefully identified math instructors whom her thought would be willing to spend more time meeting with her.

* The learning skills center recruited an advanced math tutor who worked with her in each course, went to some classes with her to better understand the instructor, and met with her at least twice per week.

* Kim's parents helped to pay the tutor.

* Each semester that she took math courses, she enrolled part-time to increase her study time for the math classes; disability services also requested that the housing office grant a policy exception that allowed her to remain in the residence hall those semesters.



Conclusion

This case study demonstrates the following:

1. Seeking or advocating for course substitutions may not always be the most appropriate or best long-term solution for students with certain academic or career goals. Case-by-case planning is important.

2. Active student participation and responsibility and disability management are key elements of a plan to meet academic and career goals.

3. It may take several student services staff and faculty and other support staff (such as tutors) for students to secure the necessary assistance.

4. Students with Dyscalculia can sometimes succeed in math-intensive fields, with adequate planning and motivation.

5. Academic requirements are valid in many cases and may not need to be modified for a particular student with a disability.

6. Short-term compromises (taking a reduced course load and hence extending the time until graduation; having to study harder for certain courses) often have beneficial long-term consequences.

7. Parents can play a key role in helping their children succeed in college studies (e.g., funding special assistance).

SOURCE: http://www.washington.edu/doit/Stem/articles?207

Dyscalculia

Just like "dyslexia" refers to the otherwise intelligent child (or adult) who has severe reading problems, one could use the term "dyscalculia" to refer to the otherwise intelligent child (or adult) who has severe mathematical problems.

Dyscalculia symptoms include:

* Poor understanding of the signs +, -, ÷ and x, or may confuse these mathematical symbols.

* Difficulty with addition, subtraction, multiplication and division or may find it difficult to understand the words "plus," "add," "add-together."

* Difficulty with times tables.

* Poor mental arithmetic skills.

* May have trouble even with a calculator due to difficulties in the process of feeding in variables.

* May reverse or transpose numbers for example 63 for 36, or 785 for 875.

* Difficulty with conceptualizing time and judging the passing of time.

* Difficulty with everyday tasks like checking change.

* Difficulty keeping score during games.

* Inability to comprehend financial planning or budgeting, sometimes even at a basic level, for example, estimating the cost of the items in a shopping basket or balancing a checkbook.

* Inability to grasp and remember mathematical concepts, rules, formulae, and sequences.

* May have a poor sense of direction (i.e., north, south, east, and west), potentially even with a compass.

* May have difficulty mentally estimating the measurement of an object or distance (e.g., whether something is 10 or 20 feet away).

* Extreme cases may lead to a phobia of mathematics and mathematical devices.

source: http://www.learninginfo.org/dyscalculia-symptoms.htm

The Signs and Symptoms of Dyslexia

Symptoms

Signs of dyslexia vary depending on age. If your child has one or two of the signs, it does not mean that he or she has dyslexia, but having several of the signs listed below may mean that your child should be tested.


A preschool-age child may:

* Talk later than most children.
* Have more difficulty than other children pronouncing words. For example, the child may read aloud "mawn lower" instead of "lawn mower."
* Be slow to add new vocabulary words and unable to recall the right word.
* Have trouble learning the alphabet, numbers, days of the week, colors, shapes, how to spell and write his or her name.
* Have difficulty reciting common nursery rhymes or rhyming words. For example, the child may not be able to think of words that rhyme with the word "boy," such as "joy" or "toy."
* Be slow to develop fine motor skills. For example, your child may take longer than others of the same age to learn how to hold a pencil in the writing position, use buttons and zippers, and brush his or her teeth.
* Have difficulty separating sounds in words and blending sounds to make words.


A child in kindergarten through fourth grade may:

* Have difficulty reading single words that are not surrounded by other words.
* Be slow to learn the connection between letters and sounds.
* Confuse small words such as "at" and "to," or "does" and "goes."
* Make consistent reading and spelling errors, including:
= Letter reversals such as "d" for "b."
= Word reversals such as "tip" for "pit."
= Inversions such as "m" and "w" and "u" and "n."
= Transpositions such as "felt" and "left."
= Substitutions such as "house" and "home."


A child in fifth through eighth grade may:

* Read at a lower level than expected.
* Reverse letter sequence such as "soiled" for "solid," "left" for "felt."
* Be slow to recognize and learn prefixes, suffixes, root words, and other reading and spelling strategies.
* Have difficulty spelling, and he or she may spell the same word differently on the same page.
* Avoid reading aloud.
* Have trouble with word problems in math.
* Write with difficulty or have illegible handwriting. His or her pencil grip may be awkward, fistlike, or tight.
* Avoid writing.
* Have slow or poor recall of facts.


Students in high school and college may:

* Read very slowly with many inaccuracies.
* Continue to spell incorrectly or frequently spell the same word differently in a single piece of writing.
* Avoid tests that require reading and writing, and procrastinate on reading and writing tasks.
* Have trouble preparing summaries and outlines for classes.
* Work intensely on reading and writing tasks.
* Have poor memory skills and complete assigned work more slowly than expected.
* Have an inadequate vocabulary and be unable to store much information from reading.


Adults with dyslexia may:

* Hide reading problems.
* Spell poorly or rely on others to spell for them.
* Avoid writing or not be able to write at all.
* Be very competent in oral language.
* Rely on memory rather than on reading information.
* Have good "people" skills and be very good at "reading" people (intuitive).
* Have spatial thinking skills. Examples of professionals who need spatial thinking abilities include engineers, architects, designers, artists and craftspeople, mathematicians, physicists, physicians (especially orthopedists, surgeons), and dentists.
* Often work in a job that is well below their intellectual capacities.
* Have difficulty with planning and organization.
* Be entrepreneurs, although lowered reading skills may result in difficulty maintaining a successful business.


source: http://health.yahoo.com/nervous-overview/dyslexia/healthwise--te7211.html#Symptoms